Urban green spaces are closely related to the activities of urban residents and thus provide a potential route for the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from environmental bacterial communities to human commensals and pathogens through skin-surface contact. However, we still have very limited understanding of the prevalence of ARGs in urban greenspaces and the factors that influence their distribution patterns. Here we profiled the resistome of a wide spectrum of ARGs from soil and turf-grass phyllosphere samples from 40 urban greenspaces across Greater Melbourne, Australia through high-throughput quantitative PCR. A total of 252 and 273 ARGs conferring resistance to eight classes of antibiotics were detected in soil and turf-grass phyllosphere samples, respectively. We proposed the concept of “core urban resistome” which represent the most dominant ARG subtypes in an urban environment. For both soil and turf-grass phyllosphere, the core resistome was mainly affiliated into multi-drug resistance. For both sample types, the relative abundance of both total ARGs and core resistome were significantly and positively correlated with the relative abundance of mobile genetic elements (MGEs). For soil samples, the relative abundance of total ARGs and number of ARGs detected were significantly and positively correlated with soil salinity and cation change capacity (CEC). Taken together, the results indicate that in urban environment high soil salinity and CEC could potentially act as stress factors for the prevalence of ARGs. As urbanization is rapidly happing around the world, it is important to improve the awareness of the role of urban greenspaces as reservoirs of ARGs which could potentially pose risks of ARGs transmission to human microbiome through skin-surface contact.